Drama of the Confederation Period (1860–1900): Themes and Playwrights

 

Introduction

The theater of the Confederation era played a vital role. It helped to shape the soul of the nation. Playwrights used the stage to debate big political ideas. Furthermore, they wanted to move past simple colonial imitation. They looked at the history of the rugged North. Consequently, they created heroes that the people could love. This period was a time of great artistic growth. Moreover, it laid the seeds for a national drama. Thus, the stage became a place for self-discovery. We must look at these works with great care. They tell the story of a rising Canadian spirit.

1. Confederation

The birth of the nation was a major theme. Playwrights wanted to celebrate the new union of 1867. Therefore, they wrote plays about political unity and hope. Consequently, the stage became a forum for national pride. Furthermore, drama helped people understand the new laws. Thus, it was more than just a simple show. Moreover, it acted as a cultural glue for all. Similarly, it brought the different colonies together through art. In addition, the movement was very bold and ambitious. Hence, the theater reflected the energy of the time. Subsequently, writers felt a new sense of duty. Therefore, they worked hard to craft a Canadian voice. Consequently, the union was a spark for the stage. Furthermore, it gave the people a shared story. Moreover, it proved that we were a real country. Thus, the era began with a very loud bang. Accordingly, it was a very historic moment for us.

2. Dominion

Canada became a Dominion with a very unique identity. Therefore, drama focused on the role of the state. Consequently, the plays often had a very formal tone. Furthermore, they respected the authority of the new crown. Thus, the concept of the Dominion was very central. Moreover, it showed that we were part of something. Similarly, it balanced local pride with imperial loyalty. In addition, this theme resonated with the urban crowds. Hence, the theater grew along with the government. Subsequently, the scripts became more complex and quite deep. Therefore, they explored what it meant to be Canadian. Consequently, the Dominion was a source of great inspiration. Furthermore, it provided a framework for the national myth. Moreover, it was a time of building and growth. Thus, the stage reflected the structure of the land. Accordingly, it was a very solid foundation for art.

3. Playwright

The local playwright was a pioneer in this age. Therefore, they had to create a market from scratch. Consequently, they often wrote for the love of art. Furthermore, they did not have many local stage resources. Thus, they were very brave and very creative people. Moreover, they used their pens to fight for identity. Similarly, they looked at the world with fresh eyes. In addition, they wanted to be heard on global stages. Hence, their work was a labor of deep passion. Subsequently, they earned the respect of the growing public. Therefore, we honor their names in our history books. Consequently, they were the architects of the Canadian stage. Furthermore, they overcame many hard and cold obstacles. Moreover, they showed that talent lived in the North. Thus, their scripts are a very precious national gift. Accordingly, they were the first to speak for us.

4. Pageant

Historical pageants were very popular in the late 1800s. Therefore, they used huge casts to tell big stories. Consequently, they focused on the glory of the past. Furthermore, they were great spectacles for the common people. Thus, the pageant was a very social event indeed. Moreover, it brought history to life in the park. Similarly, it used costumes to create a grand feel. In addition, these shows celebrated the founding of cities. Hence, they built a sense of community for everyone. Subsequently, the pageants became a staple of summer life. Therefore, they were a very accessible form of drama. Consequently, they used simple plots with high visual impact. Furthermore, they honored the struggle of the early settlers. Moreover, they were very loud and very colorful shows. Thus, the public loved the drama of the pageant. Accordingly, it was a very successful style of theater.

5. Nationalism

Drama was a tool to build a strong nation. Therefore, the plays were filled with patriotic themes. Consequently, they urged the people to love their land. Furthermore, they rejected the influence of the southern neighbor. Thus, nationalism was the heart of the movement. Moreover, it gave the writers a very clear goal. Similarly, it unified the audience under one single roof. In addition, this spirit was very contagious and bold. Hence, the theater became a school for the citizen. Subsequently, it shaped how we saw our own borders. Therefore, the stage was a very political space indeed. Consequently, it supported the growth of the Canadian mind. Furthermore, it provided a shield against foreign cultural ways. Moreover, it was a very proud and vocal era. Thus, the nation found its voice in the light. Accordingly, the theater was a very vital force.

6. Closet Drama

Many writers created plays just for reading at home. Therefore, people call these works "closet dramas" today. Consequently, they were very long and very verse-heavy. Furthermore, they were often too big for a stage. Thus, they focused on the beauty of the word. Moreover, they allowed for deep and complex philosophical thought. Similarly, they were influenced by the great classic masters. In addition, they were common among the literary elite classes. Hence, they added a sense of class to drama. Subsequently, they were published in books and local journals. Therefore, the reader became the actor in their mind. Consequently, this style was very popular in the 1800s. Furthermore, it proved that Canadian writers were very smart. Moreover, it allowed for grand themes of life and death. Thus, the closet drama was a very refined art. Accordingly, it is still studied by experts today.

7. Satire

Satire was the best way to mock the politicians. Therefore, many plays used humor to tell the truth. Consequently, the audience laughed at the dry debates. Furthermore, it was a very sharp and witty style. Thus, the satirist was a very important social critic. Moreover, they poked fun at the greed of leaders. Similarly, they used the stage to speak for people. In addition, these plays were often very fast and fun. Hence, they were hits in the busy city theaters. Subsequently, they helped to keep the government quite honest. Therefore, the satire was a sign of a healthy mind. Consequently, it showed that Canadians had a great wit. Furthermore, it balanced the serious tone of the pageants. Moreover, it was a very effective tool for change. Thus, the stage was a place for a laugh. Accordingly, it was a very bright part of life.

8. Victorian

Victorian values defined the behavior of the characters. Therefore, the plays focused on duty and good honor. Consequently, they reflected the strict rules of the time. Furthermore, they sought to uplift the morals of people. Thus, the theater was a very proper place indeed. Moreover, it avoided the crude or the low subjects. Similarly, it followed the trends of the London stage. In addition, this gave the work a very global feel. Hence, it appealed to the middle class of the city. Subsequently, the costumes and manners were very highly refined. Therefore, the plays were a mirror of the social age. Consequently, they showed the best of the human spirit. Furthermore, they respected the old traditions of the empire. Moreover, they were very decent and quite noble works. Thus, the Victorian spirit lived on the Canadian stage. Accordingly, it was very much a part of us.

9. Morality

Every play had to teach a very clear lesson. Therefore, the struggle between good and evil was key. Consequently, the villain always lost in the final act. Furthermore, the hero represented the best of the soul. Thus, morality was the backbone of the entire script. Moreover, the audience expected to learn a great truth. Similarly, the plays dealt with temperance and hard work. In addition, this made the theater very respectable for all. Hence, parents felt safe taking their children to shows. Subsequently, the stage was a partner of the church. Therefore, it promoted a life of virtue and grace. Consequently, the message was always very loud and clear. Furthermore, it built a sense of national character and grit. Moreover, it was a very sincere and honest art form. Thus, the lessons were very deep and lasting. Accordingly, it helped to grow the people.

10. BNA Act

The BNA Act of 1867 was a source of drama. Therefore, plays explored the impact of this new law. Consequently, characters debated the rights of the many provinces. Furthermore, the script reflected the tensions of the union. Thus, the law was a very dramatic character itself. Moreover, it forced the people to think about their future. Similarly, it was a theme that touched every single person. In addition, it provided a rich ground for political plot. Hence, the stage was a place to digest the news. Subsequently, the act was seen as a new beginning. Therefore, it inspired a sense of hope and a fear. Consequently, the drama was very timely and quite relevant. Furthermore, it showed that laws change lives and hearts. Moreover, it was a very historic topic for the writer. Thus, the BNA Act lived through the theater. Accordingly, it was a very powerful subject.

11. Imperialism

The tie to Britain was a very strong theme. Therefore, the plays honored the power of the empire. Consequently, they used British symbols to show their strength. Furthermore, they celebrated the queen and her global reach. Thus, imperialism was a very natural part of life. Moreover, it provided a sense of safety for Canadians. Similarly, it linked the local stage to the world. In addition, this theme was very common in historical plays. Hence, the audience felt part of a grand story. Subsequently, the scripts praised the loyalty of the soldiers. Therefore, the empire was a source of great pride. Consequently, it gave the nation a sense of high purpose. Furthermore, it acted as a cultural north star for all. Moreover, it was a very firm and steady influence. Thus, the stage was a loyal servant of Britain. Accordingly, the connection was very deep.

12. Colonialism

The colonial past was a weight on the writers. Therefore, they struggled to find their own unique path. Consequently, many early plays felt like simple British copies. Furthermore, they used English settings for the Canadian crowd. Thus, colonialism was a hurdle for the local voice. Moreover, it shaped the way the actors spoke then. Similarly, it influenced the design of the grand theaters. In addition, this era was a slow crawl toward freedom. Hence, the drama reflected the growing pains of Canada. Subsequently, the poets started to reject the old ways. Therefore, they began to write about their own soil. Consequently, the shift was very gradual but very sure. Furthermore, it required a lot of courage to be real. Moreover, it was a fight for the right to speak. Thus, the colonial mind slowly faded from view. Accordingly, we grew into our own spirit.

13. Heavysege

Charles Heavysege was a giant of the closet drama. Therefore, his play Saul became a very famous work. Consequently, it earned him praise from the London critics. Furthermore, he used a very grand and epic style. Thus, he proved that Canadians could write high art. Moreover, his themes were biblical and very deeply human. Similarly, he focused on the fall of a great man. In addition, his verse was very dense and quite rich. Hence, he was a hero to the local literary class. Subsequently, his success inspired many others to write more. Therefore, he is a key figure in our stage history. Consequently, he brought a sense of gravity to the era. Furthermore, he worked a day job as a simple smith. Moreover, his talent was a very bright, rare light. Thus, he remains a legend of the 19th century. Accordingly, we value his deep contribution.

14. Mair

Charles Mair wrote the epic verse play Tecumseh. Therefore, he focused on the heroes of the wild. Consequently, he brought Indigenous themes to the white stage. Furthermore, his work was very nationalist and quite bold. Thus, he wanted to create a myth for Canada. Moreover, he saw the frontier as a sacred place. Similarly, he used drama to fight for the North. In addition, he was a very political figure in life. Hence, his writing was a call to the people. Subsequently, Tecumseh became a landmark of the era's drama. Therefore, it is still studied for its many themes. Consequently, it reflects the spirit of the 1880s perfectly. Furthermore, it used history to build a sense of pride. Moreover, Mair was a very passionate and loud voice. Thus, he helped to define the Canadian hero. Accordingly, he was a true literary pioneer.

15. Curzon

Sarah Anne Curzon was a vital voice for women. Therefore, she wrote Laura Secord to honor a hero. Consequently, she showed that women built this great nation. Furthermore, her play was a tool for female rights. Thus, she was a very brave and visionary writer. Moreover, she used drama to change the social mind. Similarly, she focused on the bravery of the individual. In addition, her work was very popular with the public. Hence, she is a hero of the Confederation stage. Subsequently, she proved that history belongs to everyone now. Therefore, her scripts are very important for us today. Consequently, she brought a sense of justice to theater. Furthermore, she was a leader in the suffrage cause. Moreover, her talent was a very sharp, clear tool. Thus, she opened doors for many other women. Accordingly, her legacy is very bright.

16. Tecumseh

The figure of Tecumseh was a grand stage hero. Therefore, many plays focused on his noble life story. Consequently, he was seen as a symbol of bravery. Furthermore, he fought to save the land from invasion. Thus, he was a bridge between two different worlds. Moreover, the drama romanticized his role in the war. Similarly, he was a tragic figure of the frontier. In addition, this theme appealed to the Victorian audience. Hence, he became a central myth of the period. Subsequently, playwrights used him to talk about the land. Therefore, he represented the strength of the northern soul. Consequently, his story was told in very epic verse. Furthermore, it showed the cost of building a nation. Moreover, he was a very wise and powerful leader. Thus, the stage honored his great and noble name. Accordingly, he is a legend.

17. Shakespearean

Shakespeare was the model for almost all local plays. Therefore, writers used his meter and his dark themes. Consequently, the local drama had a very classic feel. Furthermore, touring companies brought his plays to the cities. Thus, the audience knew the bard very well indeed. Moreover, local actors learned their craft from his lines. Similarly, he was the standard of high artistic quality. In addition, his influence is found in every closet drama. Hence, the Canadian stage felt like a global one. Subsequently, the poets tried to match his grand style. Therefore, they wrote about kings and the deep soul. Consequently, the Shakespearean touch was a sign of skill. Furthermore, it gave the new nation a sense of class. Moreover, it linked the North to the ancient world. Thus, he was the master of the era. Accordingly, his ghost was everywhere.

18. Touring

Touring companies from Britain were the main stage attraction. Therefore, local plays had a hard time finding room. Consequently, the public saw the best of global stars. Furthermore, these groups traveled by the new rail lines. Thus, the theater reached the small towns as well. Moreover, it brought the latest London hits to Canada. Similarly, it kept the culture connected to the empire. In addition, the actors were very professional and quite skilled. Hence, they set a very high bar for locals. Subsequently, the touring system dominated the whole 19th century. Therefore, local writers had to compete with the world. Consequently, it was a very tough market for Canadians. Furthermore, it provided a great source of nightly fun. Moreover, it was the engine of the theater world. Thus, the road was the center of drama. Accordingly, it was very busy.

19. Vaudeville

Vaudeville brought a lighter side to the Canadian stage. Therefore, it was a mix of songs and comedy. Consequently, the working class loved these fast, fun shows. Furthermore, it was very different from the serious verse. Thus, it was the pop culture of the era. Moreover, it featured many different acts in one night. Similarly, it was loud and very full of energy. In addition, it traveled to every city and large town. Hence, it was a very successful business for many. Subsequently, it provided a place for local comic talent. Therefore, it balanced the heavy morals of the plays. Consequently, it was a very democratic form of theater. Furthermore, it was full of music and very bright lights. Moreover, it made people laugh after a long day. Thus, the stage was a place for joy. Accordingly, it was very popular indeed.

20. Melodrama

Melodrama was the most popular genre of the time. Therefore, the plays had very clear heroes and villains. Consequently, the plots were full of intense and high drama. Furthermore, the music helped to set the emotional tone. Thus, the audience felt every single joy and pain. Moreover, it was a very simple and effective style. Similarly, it focused on the triumph of the virtue. In addition, the sets were often very grand and flashy. Hence, it was a hit with the urban crowds. Subsequently, it became the standard for popular stage shows. Therefore, the stories were easy for anyone to follow. Consequently, it provided a great escape from daily life. Furthermore, it was a very exciting and loud experience. Moreover, it was the root of the modern movie. Thus, the stage was a place of thrill. Accordingly, it was a success.

21. Opera House

Cities built grand opera houses to host the arts. Therefore, these buildings were symbols of local civil pride. Consequently, they were very beautiful and quite large inside. Furthermore, they hosted both the plays and the music. Thus, the opera house was the heart of culture. Moreover, it brought a sense of luxury to Canada. Similarly, it was a place for the rich and poor. In addition, the design was often very classic and grand. Hence, it proved that the city was now mature. Subsequently, the grand houses became landmarks of the town. Therefore, we still value these old and noble buildings. Consequently, they provided a home for the touring groups. Furthermore, they were full of gold leaf and velvet. Moreover, they felt like a piece of old Europe. Thus, the stage was a temple of beauty. Accordingly, it was grand.

22. Proscenium

The proscenium arch framed the drama for the audience. Therefore, it created a clear window into another world. Consequently, the actors stayed behind the magic gold line. Furthermore, it allowed for very complex and deep sets. Thus, the stage was a place of visual wonder. Moreover, it separated the reality from the grand fiction. Similarly, it focused the eye on the main action. In addition, this was the standard design for the era. Hence, the theater felt very formal and quite structured. Subsequently, the scenery became more and more realistic over time. Therefore, the audience felt they were really in the woods. Consequently, the proscenium was a tool for the illusion. Furthermore, it gave the play a sense of high class. Moreover, it was a very beautiful part of the house. Thus, the frame was a part of art. Accordingly, it was vital.

23. Script

The script was the map for the whole production. Therefore, playwrights labored over every single word and beat. Consequently, the text was often very dense and poetic. Furthermore, it reflected the high literacy of the age. Thus, the written word was the king of theater. Moreover, the scripts were often printed and sold alone. Similarly, they were studied by scholars and the fans. In addition, they carried the weight of the national myth. Hence, the writing had to be very strong and clear. Subsequently, the scripts became the legacy of the era. Therefore, we can still read the voices of old. Consequently, they provide a link to our ancestors' minds. Furthermore, they were full of long and noble speeches. Moreover, they were very structured and quite formal works. Thus, the script was the soul of the show. Accordingly, it was deep.

24. Verse

Writing plays in verse was a sign of talent. Therefore, most closet dramas used the iambic pentameter style. Consequently, the dialogue sounded very noble and quite grand. Furthermore, it linked the local work to the classics. Thus, verse was the language of the high stage. Moreover, it allowed for deep emotional and cosmic themes. Similarly, it proved that Canada had a very rich culture. In addition, the poets were the main drama writers then. Hence, the lines were full of vivid and sharp images. Subsequently, the audience appreciated the beauty of the sound. Therefore, the theater was a place for fine art. Consequently, the verse lifted the story above the daily. Furthermore, it was a very hard and disciplined craft. Moreover, it was a very elegant way to speak. Thus, the words were a form of music. Accordingly, it was quite rich.

25. Dialogue

The dialogue was the main engine of the plot. Therefore, characters spoke in long and very formal turns. Consequently, the debate was more important than the action. Furthermore, the words revealed the inner soul of men. Thus, the stage was a place for big talk. Moreover, the playwrights used speech to teach their lessons. Similarly, the tone was often very serious and quite grave. In addition, the dialogue reflected the manners of the time. Hence, it was a very polite and structured experience. Subsequently, the words moved the story toward the end. Therefore, the listener had to pay very close attention. Consequently, the theater was a thinking man's game then. Furthermore, it was full of wit and sharp logic. Moreover, it was a very social way to hear ideas. Thus, the talk was the heart of art. Accordingly, it was vital.

26. Act

Plays were usually divided into five long acts then. Therefore, the structure followed the old classical rules. Consequently, the drama grew in tension act by act. Furthermore, each act ended with a very big moment. Thus, the audience stayed on the edge of seats. Moreover, it provided a sense of order to the plot. Similarly, it allowed for breaks in the long night. In addition, the five-act form was seen as high art. Hence, the writers used it to prove their skill. Subsequently, the story was very balanced and quite whole. Therefore, the climax usually came in the third act. Consequently, the final act brought peace and justice back. Furthermore, it was a very traditional and safe design. Moreover, it helped the actors manage the huge script. Thus, the act was a pillar of the show. Accordingly, it was grand.

27. Scene

The scene was a small slice of the bigger world. Therefore, it focused on a single time and place. Consequently, the sets changed to show a new home. Furthermore, the scenes were full of vivid and real detail. Thus, the audience traveled through the whole country. Moreover, each scene added a layer to the main theme. Similarly, they were carefully lit with the new gas. In addition, this made the theater feel very modern indeed. Hence, the visual part of the drama was quite strong. Subsequently, the scenes became more and more complex over time. Therefore, they were a treat for the human eye. Consequently, they supported the words of the busy actors. Furthermore, they were like living paintings on the stage. Moreover, they were very beautiful and quite realistic. Thus, the scene was a window into life. Accordingly, it was deep.

28. Performance

The live performance was a very electric and loud event. Therefore, the actors had to project their voices far. Consequently, the style was very grand and quite physical. Furthermore, the crowd was often very active and very noisy. Thus, the theater was a place of high energy. Moreover, the performance brought the dead text to life. Similarly, it created a bond between the stage and hall. In addition, every night was a unique and fresh experience. Hence, the actors were the stars of the social world. Subsequently, they earned fame for their many great roles. Therefore, the craft of acting was very highly respected. Consequently, it required a lot of memory and deep grit. Furthermore, it was a very hard and very tiring life. Moreover, it was a very noble and brave career choice. Thus, the show was a triumph of the will. Accordingly, it was great.

29. Audience

The audience was a mix of every kind of person. Therefore, the theater was a very social and busy place. Consequently, the rich sat in boxes and the poor below. Furthermore, they all shared the same grand experience. Thus, the drama was a way to unite the city. Moreover, the people were very vocal about their likes. Similarly, they cheered for the hero and hissed the foe. In addition, they expected a lot of value for their coin. Hence, the producers had to work very hard to please. Subsequently, the audience shaped the trends of the stage. Therefore, the theater was a mirror of the public mind. Consequently, it was a place to see and to be seen. Furthermore, it was full of chatter and very bright style. Moreover, it was the social heart of the long winter. Thus, the people were the final judge. Accordingly, they were vital.

30. Theatre

The word "theatre" meant a place of magic and truth. Therefore, the buildings were very sacred to the art. Consequently, they were the center of the local culture. Furthermore, they provided a space to dream and to learn. Thus, the theatre was a home for the national spirit. Moreover, it survived the fire and the cold weather. Similarly, it grew along with the young and bold nation. In addition, it was a sign of a real civilization. Hence, we must protect these old and historic spaces. Subsequently, they are the containers of our shared past. Therefore, we feel the ghosts of the old actors. Consequently, the theater is more than just stone and wood. Furthermore, it is a living part of the Canadian story. Moreover, it is a place where we find ourselves. Thus, the stage is a forever home for art. Accordingly, it is holy.

31. Montreal

Montreal was the leader of the Canadian stage scene. Therefore, it had the best theaters and the biggest stars. Consequently, it was a hub for the touring groups. Furthermore, it had a very rich and bilingual culture. Thus, the drama there was very diverse and quite deep. Moreover, it attracted the best writers from the whole land. Similarly, the audiences were very smart and quite large. In addition, the city’s history added a layer of drama. Hence, it was the literary heart of the 19th century. Subsequently, the grand houses there were world-class and noble. Therefore, we look to Montreal for our theater roots. Consequently, it was a place of high style and grace. Furthermore, it was the first city to embrace the stage. Moreover, it was a very vibrant and busy place. Thus, the drama flourished in its old streets. Accordingly, it was great.

32. Toronto

Toronto was the growing rival for the crown of art. Therefore, it built many grand and new opera houses. Consequently, it became a center for the Victorian drama. Furthermore, it was a place of strict and high morals. Thus, the plays there were very proper and quite decent. Moreover, it had a very loyal and very large audience. Similarly, it was a key stop on the touring road. In addition, the local writers there were very prolific and bold. Hence, the city’s stage was a mirror of its rise. Subsequently, it became the capital of the English drama. Therefore, we find a lot of our history in its files. Consequently, the theater helped to define the local spirit. Furthermore, it was full of energy and a sense of duty. Moreover, it was a place for the serious and the fun. Thus, the stage was a pillar of the city. Accordingly, it was vital.

33. Halifax

Halifax was the gateway for the British stage influence. Therefore, the army and navy were part of the crowd. Consequently, the drama had a very military and noble tone. Furthermore, the city had a very old and deep history. Thus, the theater there was a link to the crown. Moreover, it hosted some of the first plays in Canada. Similarly, it was a place of great loyalty and pride. In addition, the sea air seemed to fill the scripts. Hence, the drama was rugged and quite honest there. Subsequently, it provided a home for the arts in the East. Therefore, the Maritime voice was very strong on stage. Consequently, it was a place of tradition and a high art. Furthermore, it was very resilient through the hard times. Moreover, it was a very warm and welcoming social scene. Thus, the stage was a local treasure. Accordingly, it was rich.

34. Ottawa

Ottawa was the political center of the whole drama. Therefore, the plays often dealt with the new government. Consequently, the leaders sat in the front row of seats. Furthermore, it was a place where art and power met. Thus, the stage was a tool for the national cause. Moreover, it hosted grand pageants about the great BNA Act. Similarly, the tone was very official and quite serious. In addition, the local poets worked in the civil service. Hence, they had a very close view of the state. Subsequently, the drama helped to unite the broad country. Therefore, the city’s theater was a very unique space. Consequently, it reflected the high dreams of the founders. Furthermore, it was full of ceremony and a sense of hope. Moreover, it was a place for the nation to speak. Thus, the stage was a political home. Accordingly, it was vital.

35. History

The drama of the era was obsessed with the past. Therefore, writers used history to legitimize the new nation. Consequently, the stage was full of generals and kings. Furthermore, they sought to find a myth in the old wars. Thus, the history was a source of great dramatic power. Moreover, it gave the people a sense of a shared life. Similarly, it was a way to honor the dead heroes. In addition, the historical play was a very grand style. Hence, it required a lot of research and deep care. Subsequently, it became the main genre of the Confederation. Therefore, the past was always present on the stage. Consequently, it provided a sense of depth to the young land. Furthermore, it was a very noble and quite serious pursuit. Moreover, it was a gift to the future generations. Thus, the stage was a time machine. Accordingly, it was deep.

36. Heroism

The stage hero was a man of very high virtue. Therefore, he fought for his home and his country. Consequently, the audience saw him as a perfect model. Furthermore, he was often based on a real person. Thus, heroism was a key theme of the entire era. Moreover, it inspired the young to be brave and true. Similarly, the hero always chose duty over his own self. In addition, this reflected the Victorian ideals of the age. Hence, the plays were very moving and quite powerful. Subsequently, the hero became a symbol of the Canadian grit. Therefore, the theater was a place to find strength. Consequently, it showed that one man could change the world. Furthermore, it was full of noble and very brave deeds. Moreover, it was a very hopeful and strong kind of art. Thus, the hero was the king of the stage. Accordingly, he was great.

37. Settlement

Drama often told the story of the lonely settler. Therefore, the stage was a place for the pioneer struggle. Consequently, it focused on the fight against the wild. Furthermore, it showed the cost of building a new home. Thus, settlement was a very dramatic and real theme. Moreover, it resonated with the people who lived it then. Similarly, it turned the work of the axe into art. In addition, this gave the drama a very local flavor. Hence, it was not just a copy of the old world. Subsequently, it helped people feel proud of their hard toil. Therefore, the theater was a mirror of the frontier life. Consequently, it was a very rugged and honest kind of play. Furthermore, it was full of grit and a sense of hope. Moreover, it showed the beauty of the growing land. Thus, the stage was a home for the settler. Accordingly, it was vital.

38. Frontier

The frontier was a place of great danger and myth. Therefore, playwrights used it as a very dramatic setting. Consequently, the plays were full of woods and wild snow. Furthermore, they explored the meeting of two different cultures. Thus, the frontier was the edge of the known world. Moreover, it was a space for the spirit to grow. Similarly, it was a theme that defined the Canadian soul. In addition, this wildness was a source of unique beauty. Hence, the theater was very different from the European one. Subsequently, the frontier was mapped by the local scripts. Therefore, it was a place of adventure and deep fear. Consequently, it shaped the way the drama felt to all. Furthermore, it was very rugged and quite unpredictable. Moreover, it was a very vast and silent character. Thus, the stage captured the wild heart. Accordingly, it was deep.

39. Identity

Finding a Canadian identity was the main goal of art. Therefore, the drama was a search for the self. Consequently, every play asked what it meant to be us. Furthermore, the writers rejected the labels of the past. Thus, identity was a work in progress on stage. Moreover, it was a mix of the old and the new. Similarly, it grew with every book and every show. In addition, this search was a very serious and long quest. Hence, the theater was a lab for the national soul. Subsequently, the identity became more clear and quite firm. Therefore, the drama provided the mirror for the people. Consequently, it built a sense of shared and deep meaning. Furthermore, it was a very proud and a very sure move. Moreover, it was the birth of a brand new spirit. Thus, the stage was a place for us to be real. Accordingly, it was great.

40. Cultural

Culture was the bridge between the different people. Therefore, the theater was a place of high cultural exchange. Consequently, it brought the ideas of the world to the North. Furthermore, it created a local and a very unique scene. Thus, the drama was a sign of a real civilization. Moreover, it moved us past the simple work of survival. Similarly, it added a layer of beauty to the daily life. In addition, this cultural growth was very rapid and sure. Hence, the stage was a place for the mind to expand. Subsequently, we see the era as a golden age of art. Therefore, the theater was a very vital and deep resource. Consequently, it supported the growth of the whole country. Furthermore, it was full of style and a high artistic grace. Moreover, it was a very social and a very human thing. Thus, the stage was a temple of culture. Accordingly, it was vital.

41. Literature

Plays were seen as a very high form of literature. Therefore, the writers cared about the quality of text. Consequently, the scripts were read by the elite class. Furthermore, they were part of the national literary canon. Thus, drama was not just for the active stage show. Moreover, it was a way to keep the language pure and rich. Similarly, the playwrights were also the famous poets. In addition, this link made the work very deep and fine. Hence, the theater was a place for the written word. Subsequently, we study these plays in the university today. Therefore, they are a solid part of our literary past. Consequently, they reflect the high and the noble mind. Furthermore, they are full of wisdom and a great skill. Moreover, they were very disciplined and quite formal. Thus, the stage was a place for the book. Accordingly, it was deep.

42. Stagecraft

Stagecraft grew very fast during the late 19th century. Therefore, the shows became more visual and quite grand. Consequently, the sets used new tech like the gas light. Furthermore, they could create very realistic and deep effects. Thus, the stage was a place of high tech wonder. Moreover, the design added to the emotion of the play. Similarly, the crew worked hard to create the magic. In addition, this made the theater very exciting for all. Hence, the spectacle was a big draw for the crowds. Subsequently, the crafts of the stage were highly respected. Therefore, the designer was a vital part of the team. Consequently, the play was a mix of art and machine. Furthermore, it was a very beautiful and a very clever work. Moreover, it showed the progress of the whole nation. Thus, the stage was a place of skill. Accordingly, it was great.

43. Costume

Costumes brought the grand history to the local stage. Therefore, they were full of velvet and very fine silk. Consequently, the actors looked like kings and brave soldiers. Furthermore, the detail was very realistic and quite rich. Thus, the clothes told a story of their very own. Moreover, they helped the audience to travel in time. Similarly, they were a sign of the production's high value. In addition, the dress reflected the status of characters. Hence, the stage was a place for a high fashion too. Subsequently, the costume design was a very serious craft. Therefore, we still admire the old and the noble styles. Consequently, they added a layer of truth to the fiction. Furthermore, they were very colorful and very bright indeed. Moreover, they were a treat for the eyes of the crowd. Thus, the stage was a place of beauty. Accordingly, it was grand.

44. Spectacle

The public loved a very big and a very loud spectacle. Therefore, the plays featured grand battles and huge scenes. Consequently, the stage was full of action and movement. Furthermore, the use of light and sound was very intense. Thus, the spectacle was a major part of the draw. Moreover, it made the theater feel very epic and large. Similarly, it was a way to compete with the outdoors. In addition, these shows were very expensive and quite bold. Hence, they were the blockbusters of the 1800s world. Subsequently, they earned a lot of money for the house. Therefore, the drama was a feast for the human senses. Consequently, it provided a thrill that the books could not. Furthermore, it was full of energy and a sense of life. Moreover, it was a very social and a very fun night. Thus, the stage was a place of wonder. Accordingly, it was great.

45. Allegory

Many plays used allegory to tell a deeper story. Therefore, characters represented big ideas like Truth or Hope. Consequently, the plot was a lesson in the human life. Furthermore, it allowed the writers to speak about God. Thus, the allegory was a very noble and deep tool. Moreover, it resonated with the religious views of the age. Similarly, it made the drama feel very universal and wise. In addition, this style was very common in the closet drama. Hence, it appealed to the thinkers and the poets. Subsequently, the meaning was hidden in the simple story. Therefore, the audience had to pay a very close focus. Consequently, it was a very spiritual and a fine art. Furthermore, it provided a sense of peace and a truth. Moreover, it was a very structured and quite formal way. Thus, the stage was a place for a soul. Accordingly, it was deep.

46. Mythos

Creating a national mythos was the work of the poets. Therefore, they used drama to invent the Canadian past. Consequently, the stage was a place for the legendary. Furthermore, they gave the young land a sense of age. Thus, the mythos was the foundation of the culture. Moreover, it turned real events into holy and grand stories. Similarly, it helped to unite the broad and wide land. In addition, this was a very conscious and a bold act. Hence, the writers were the shamans of the new state. Subsequently, we still live within the myths they wrote. Therefore, the drama was a very vital and a deep force. Consequently, it gave us a sense of who we really are. Furthermore, it was full of magic and a sense of hope. Moreover, it was a very proud and a very sure move. Thus, the stage was a place for a myth. Accordingly, it was great.

47. Sovereignty

Sovereignty was a major political theme on the stage. Therefore, plays debated the power of the new nation. Consequently, the dialogue focused on the right to rule. Furthermore, it reflected the high tension with the empire. Thus, sovereignty was a goal for the young Canada. Moreover, the drama supported the idea of being free. Similarly, it showed that we could lead our own way. In addition, this theme was very timely for the audience. Hence, the theater was a voice for the new people. Subsequently, it built a sense of national and deep pride. Therefore, the stage was a place for the free mind. Consequently, it supported the growth of the whole country. Furthermore, it was a very bold and a very brave work. Moreover, it was a sign of a real and strong state. Thus, the stage was a place for the king. Accordingly, it was vital.

48. Adaptation

Adapting old stories for Canada was a very common task. Therefore, writers took the classics and added a local feel. Consequently, a Greek myth might live in the North. Furthermore, it showed that our land was just as grand. Thus, adaptation was a way to grow the local art. Moreover, it provided a safe bridge to the new voices. Similarly, it proved that we were part of the world. In addition, these plays were very familiar and quite loved. Hence, the audience knew what to expect from the night. Subsequently, the local touch made the story feel like home. Therefore, the theater was a place for a new vision. Consequently, it was a very clever and a very sharp move. Furthermore, it gave the scripts a sense of high class. Moreover, it was a very fine and a very rich art. Thus, the stage was a place for change. Accordingly, it was great.

49. Tradition

Tradition was the anchor for the Confederation drama writers. Therefore, they respected the old ways of the stage. Consequently, they did not try to break the rules. Furthermore, they followed the paths of the great masters. Thus, the tradition was a source of great strength. Moreover, it gave the new plays a sense of age. Similarly, it appealed to the Victorian sense of the order. In addition, this made the work feel very solid indeed. Hence, the theater was a place for the lasting truths. Subsequently, we can see the roots of the past today. Therefore, we value the work for its deep history. Consequently, it provided a steady home for the national spirit. Furthermore, it was full of honor and a sense of duty. Moreover, it was a very sincere and a very grave art. Thus, the stage was a place for the old. Accordingly, it was deep.

50. Legacy

The legacy of this era lives in our modern stage. Therefore, we must honor the work of the pioneers. Consequently, they were the ones who started the fire. Furthermore, they gave us the tools to speak our mind. Thus, the legacy is a very precious and a deep gift. Moreover, it reminds us of our own rugged northern roots. Similarly, it shows that art is a vital part of life. In addition, their names will never really be forgotten by us. Hence, the theater is a link to our shared past. Subsequently, we build upon the foundation they laid down. Therefore, the drama is a forever and a living thing. Consequently, it reflects the soul of the whole great nation. Furthermore, it is a very proud and a very sure story. Moreover, it is a place where we find our truth. Thus, the stage is a legacy of love. Accordingly, it is grand.

51. Verse Plays

Verse plays were the highest form of literary drama then. Therefore, the playwrights used poetry to speak to the soul. Consequently, the rhythm of the lines was very carefully planned. Furthermore, it elevated the local themes to a grand scale. Thus, the verse play was a sign of genius. Moreover, it challenged the actors to be very highly skilled. Similarly, the audience loved the music of the fine words. In addition, this style was a bridge to the old world. Hence, the Canadian stage felt very classic and very noble. Subsequently, we still admire the beauty of these long scripts. Therefore, they are a treasure of our national literary past. Consequently, they show a deep love for the English tongue. Furthermore, they are full of wisdom and a great grit. Thus, the words were a light. Accordingly, they were rich.

52. Touring Companies

Touring companies from abroad brought the best of the world. Therefore, they were the main source of drama for many. Consequently, they traveled to cities large and very small too. Furthermore, they gave the locals a chance to see stars. Thus, the road was the lifeblood of the whole theater. Moreover, it kept the culture very fresh and very exciting. Similarly, these groups were very professional and quite talented indeed. In addition, they provided a lot of nightly fun for all. Hence, the public waited for their arrival with a joy. Subsequently, they shaped the tastes of the young nation's fans. Therefore, the touring system was a very successful business model. Consequently, it linked the North to the global stage scene. Furthermore, it was full of energy and a sense of life. Thus, the tour was a success. Accordingly, it was vital.

53. National Theatre

The dream of a National Theatre began during this time. Therefore, people wanted a stage that belonged only to us. Consequently, the debates about a home for art grew loud. Furthermore, it was seen as a sign of a real state. Thus, the idea was a very bold and a sure one. Moreover, it inspired the local writers to work much harder. Similarly, it was a goal that unified the whole broad land. In addition, this vision was the start of a long quest. Hence, we see the roots of our modern houses here. Subsequently, the dream became a reality in the future years. Therefore, the Confederation era was the seed of the house. Consequently, it provided a sense of purpose and a high hope. Furthermore, it was a very proud and a very brave work. Thus, the stage was a dream. Accordingly, it was great.

54. Historical Pageants

Pageants were the most social form of the local drama. Therefore, they brought the whole town to the green park. Consequently, they celebrated the big dates in our long history. Furthermore, they used music and huge crowds to tell stories. Thus, the pageant was a very democratic and loud show. Moreover, it allowed the common man to be an actor. Similarly, it built a sense of shared and deep pride. In addition, these events were very grand and very colorful indeed. Hence, they are a key part of our cultural heritage. Subsequently, we still love to see the past come to life. Therefore, the pageant was a gift to the whole community. Consequently, it was a very successful and a very fun art. Furthermore, it showed the strength of the national spirit. Thus, the stage was a field. Accordingly, it was fun.

55. Imperial Loyalty

Loyalty to the crown was a very common stage theme. Therefore, the plays praised the link to the Motherland. Consequently, they showed that Canada was a proud British daughter. Furthermore, it provided a sense of global place and power. Thus, loyalty was a very natural and deep feeling. Moreover, the drama used symbols of the empire to lead. Similarly, it was a theme that touched every loyal heart. In addition, this gave the work a very noble and sure tone. Hence, the theater was a place for the imperial soul. Subsequently, it built a bond that lasted for many long years. Therefore, the stage was a mirror of the colonial mind. Consequently, it was a very sincere and a very grave art. Furthermore, it was full of honor and a sense of duty. Thus, the crown was the star. Accordingly, it was rich.

Conclusion

The Confederation Period stands as the true dawn of Canadian drama. This era transformed a quiet collection of colonies into a vibrant cultural force. Writers and actors worked tirelessly to build a permanent home for our unique stories. They did not just watch history happen; they turned the political union into living, breathing art. Consequently, they provided a stage where the nation could finally see its own soul. Furthermore, they captured the rugged beauty of the north in every scene. Thus, they gave the people a shared sense of pride and identity. We must honor their brave and very bold legacy today. Moreover, these pioneers laid the bedrock for all future Canadian theater. They faced immense challenges in a raw and untamed land. However, their passion for the arts never flickered or died. Similarly, they used the theater to bridge the gaps between distant regions. Therefore, they helped to unite a broad country through the power of performance. In addition, their technical skill set a very high bar for the world. Subsequently, they earned a place of honor in our literary history. Accordingly, we look back at their work with deep and sincere respect. They were the true architects of our national imagination and spirit. Consequently, their influence still echoes in our grandest theaters. Therefore, we recognize them as the founders of our artistic home.

To read Poetry of the Confederation Period (1860–1900): Themes and Poets, follow the link: 

https://canlitstudies.blogspot.com/2026/02/poetry-confederation-period-1860-1900-canada.html

To read Divine Love in Fire of Love by Richard Rolle, follow the link: 

https://englishlitnotes.com/2025/11/27/divine-love-in-fire-of-love-richard-rolle/